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2024 | Buch

Trading System Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Trading Economics

New Theory for Trading System Evolution

verfasst von: Zhenying Wang

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buchreihe : Contributions to Economics

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book reconstructs the theoretical framework of economics by examining the concept of trading, the trading network, and the evolution of a trading system, tied together by the notion of “bounded rationality.” Trading economics uproots the theoretical paradigm of mainstream economics and enables timeworn economic thinking to deal with the various complex phenomena of the modern economy.

Mainstream economic theories see growth as the combined result of family and enterprise activities. Based on this understanding, established economic policies all focus on how to effectively influence the behavior of trading agents. Trading economics, by contrast, believes economic growth is the product of the activities of a self-organizing network of families and enterprises, rather than a simple superposition of the behaviors of trading agents. In policy design, trading economics looks to maintain the structural integrity of the trading network and the stability of the trading cycle.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Fundamentals of Trading Economics

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Trading System
Abstract
Trading is the basic form of human economic activity and the source of the driving force for human progress. Trading system is the core of modern society. Once it stops operating, society will collapse, and the large and complex social organization will disintegrate. The national economy is essentially an open trading system. Human society develops, evolves, and accumulates under the support of trading system, ultimately creating a brilliant and splendid human civilization.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 2. Trading Agents
Abstract
Identifying trading agents is both the logical starting point of theoretical analysis and an important part of constructing the trading network to find nodes. The choice of trading agents must consider the convenience of description and the uniformity among different types of agents, which will have a significant impact on the simplicity of the theory.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 3. Accounting Matrix
Abstract
The accounting matrix provides a means of quantitatively describing trading agents and is the basis for establishing new trading concepts.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 4. Expansion of Trading Concepts
Abstract
With the evolution and progress of human society, trading activities have evolved from the simple trading mode of traditional society to today's dazzling variety of commodities and trading methods.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 5. Expected Return Function
Abstract
A rigorous quantitative analysis system in economics needs to be established on the basis of the behavioral objectives.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 6. Principle of Maximizing of Expected Return
Abstract
The maximization of expected return is the basic principle of trading economics, the basic rule for trading agents to make decisions, and the basis for logical deduction and model construction of trading economics return.
Zhenying Wang

Birth and Structural Evolution of Trading Network

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Trading Community
Abstract
The trading network evolved from the community. Community members have close contacts and naturally become the embryo of the initial development of the trading network.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 8. Generation of Trading Networks
Abstract
Trading networks are topological structures spontaneously organized by a large number of trading agents driven by the motives of chasing profits, diversifying assets, and liquidity. Undoubtedly, the study of the development, evolution, and operation of trading networks will become a key to revealing the laws of human social and economic activities.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 9. Expression of Trading Network
Abstract
The trading network is an abstract network, and the expression of relationships is the essence of the trading network. In order to accurately understand the organizational characteristics of the trading network, we need to introduce an indicator system that reflects the characteristics of the trading network.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 10. Layered Structure of Trading Network
Abstract
As a manifestation of complex organizational forms, the trading network has multiple dimensions of organizational structure. The layered structure is an important organizational form formed by the trading network under structural constraints, which has a significant impact on the operation and evolution process of the trading system.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 11. Trading Network Phase Structure
Abstract
The phase structure is a structure formed by trading relationships, which determines the basic characteristics of market games.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 12. Aggregation Structure of Trading Networks
Abstract
The distribution of trading agents on the trading network is not uniform, but presents various patterns of aggregation. At different levels of the trading system, trading agents choose different forms of aggregation. Layered aggregation is a common feature of complex systems. The more complex the system, the more layered aggregation structures there are. Each additional layered structure will promote the synergy within the system, and the efficiency of the system will be greatly improved as a result.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 13. Compactness of Trading Systems
Abstract
The non-linear characteristics of the trading system stem from the interaction between trading agents. In the continuous evolution process, the non-linear features of the trading system become increasingly prominent. To describe and measure the intensity of the non-linear characteristics of the trading system, we introduce the concept of compactness and use compactness to measure the intensity of the compactness of the trading system.
Zhenying Wang

Mechanism of Interaction Among Trading Agents and Polarization of Trading Potential

Frontmatter
Chapter 14. Trading Equation
Abstract
Trading agents are woven into the trading network, realizing interaction and connection through the trading network.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 15. Interpretation of Trading Phenomena
Abstract
The interpretation of phenomena is not only the basic method of testing economic theory, but also the basic responsibility of economic theory. We choose five types of trading phenomena with different specificities as a test for the trading equation.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 16. Trading Loop
Abstract
The self-reinforcing process is a basic form of system circulation and an important force driving system evolution.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 17. Distribution of Trading Potential
Abstract
The trading network connects many trading agents, which interact and influence each other through network links, forming the operating ecology of the trading system. However, the mutual influence and interaction between trading agents are neither uniform nor symmetrical, and the influence of different trading agents varies greatly. In the trading system, most trading agents have very limited influence, and only a few trading agents may have strong influence. They occupy a certain monopoly position, and have strong dominance in trading protocols and pricing rights. These advantages will eventually be converted into their high profits. Trading potential is an indicator used to describe the status and influence of trading agents in the trading system.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 18. Equation of the Trading System Evolution
Abstract
The polarization process of trading potential is an important trend in the evolution of the trading system, which have a profound impact on the operation of the trading system.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 19. Evolution of Trading Space
Abstract
Trading space is the projection of the trading system in geometric space and is the geometric expression of trading economics. When we continuously examine the trading behavior of trading agents in the trading space, we will find some laws of trading trajectory evolution and reveal some characteristics of the operation of the trading system.
Zhenying Wang

Trading Economics Model

Frontmatter
Chapter 20. Trade Phase Transition
Abstract
The distribution of states among agents on the trading network is crucial to the operation of the trading system. Factors determining the state of an agent include both its own reasons and external causes generated by the links in the trading network. On the trading network, the synchronization of states creates economic cycles; the dispersion of states forms transitory equilibrium situations.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 21. Economic Cycle Model
Abstract
The economic cycle is the synchronization of the trading state on the trading network. The state of the trading agent evolves from a scattered distribution to a convergent direction, either gathering on the radical state or the conservative state; at the macro level, the two evolution trends correspond to economic prosperity and depression respectively. In this process, the state entropy of the trading system underwent two cycles.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 22. Economic Growth Model
Abstract
Economic growth is a concomitant of the evolution of the trading system. The essence of economic growth is the result of the expansion of the scale of the trading network and the densification of its structure. Any factors that prompt the expansion of the trading network and the deepening of its connotation will trigger economic growth.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 23. Trading Pricing Model
Abstract
Pricing is an important component of trading decision-making. Through pricing, trading agents aim to achieve their decision-making goal of maximizing profits. The price changes in the trading system are the collective result of countless trading agents participating in pricing, competing with each other, and influencing each other. Trading pricing, which includes many random factors, is an important part of the uncertainty of the trading system.
Zhenying Wang

Nature and Evolutionary Endpoint of Trading System

Frontmatter
Chapter 24. Trading System Equilibrium
Abstract
Equilibrium is a signature concept of neoclassical economics and an important sign of economic theory evolution from classical to neoclassical. When the concept “equilibrium” was enshrined in economic theory, great strides were made in the understanding of economic principles, thus laying a solid foundation for the belief of the “invisible hands”.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 25. Efficiency Decay of Trading System
Abstract
Resource allocation is the basic function of the trading system, and the efficiency of resource allocation in the trading system is a key indicator to measure the evolution of the trading system, and it is also a key factor in forming the core competitiveness of a country. We would like to prove that, with the evolution of the trading system, after the efficiency of resource allocation in the trading system has undergone a continuous rise, it will reverse the direction of evolution, showing a trend of efficiency decay, and plunge into the second half of the complete evolutionary cycle. This is an inevitable law that the evolution of the trading system cannot resist.
Zhenying Wang
Chapter 26. The Imperfection of the Trading System
Abstract
The trading system, like all evolving systems, contains a mechanism of self-negation. We have proven that the polarization of trading power is an inevitable product of the evolution of the trading system; when polarization exceeds a certain threshold, the efficiency of resource allocation in the trading system will rapidly decay. We will also prove that we cannot build a perfect institutional system that balances fairness and efficiency in the trading system. This means that we cannot effectively prevent the metamorphosis of the trading system, nor can we guarantee the perfect evolution of the trading system.
Zhenying Wang
Metadaten
Titel
Trading Economics
verfasst von
Zhenying Wang
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-9998-75-3
Print ISBN
978-981-9998-74-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9875-3