Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
MTZ-Fachkongress

Antriebe und Energiesysteme von morgen


Austausch von Automobil- und Energiewirtschaft

Am 14./15. Mai geht es in Chemnitz um die Mobilitätswende durch Elektro- und Wasserstofffahrzeuge.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben

2024 | Buch

Mobile and Fixed Wireless Cellular Systems Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Key 5G/5G-Advanced Physical Layer Technologies

Enabling Mobile and Fixed Wireless Access

verfasst von: Douglas H. Morais

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This third edition of this text covers the key technologies associated with the physical transmission of data on 5G mobile systems. Following an updated overview of these technologies, the author provides a high-level description of 3GPP’s mobile communications standard (5G/5G-Advanced) and shows how the key technologies presented earlier facilitate the transmission of very high-speed user data and control data and can provide very low latency for use cases where this is important. In the final chapter, an updated overview and the physical layer aspects of 5G NR enabled Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) networks is presented. Material in the second edition addressed mainly the key physical layer technologies and features associated with 3GPP Release 15, the first release to support 5G, and Release 16. This edition adds descriptions of some of the technological advancements supported in Releases 17 and 18, the latter being designated by 3GPP as 5G-Advanced. In addition to numerous enhancements of existing features, these releases include new features such as support for 1024-QAM in the downlink in the FR1 band, Reduced Capability (RedCAP) devices, Network Controlled repeaters, operation in the 6 GHz band and above 52.6 GHz, support for broadcast/multicast services, and Non-terrestrial Networks (NTNs). Additionally, a look ahead at some of the planned features and enhancements of Release 19 is provided. This textbook is intended for graduate and upper undergraduate engineering students and practicing engineers and technicians who have an interest in 3GPP’s 5G enabled mobile and or FWA networks and want to acquire, where missing, the necessary technology background in order to understand 3GPP’s physical layer specifications and operation. Provided are working problems and helpful examples throughout the text.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Mobile and Fixed Wireless Cellular Systems Introduction
Abstract
This chapter serves as an introduction to mobile and fixed wireless access systems. It provides a top-level description of such systems and a brief history of their evolution up to their latest manifestation, namely 5G-Advanced. Finally, several key cellular system coverage methods relevant to 5G deployment are reviewed to help establish the environment that mobile and fixed wireless networks operate in.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 2. Broadband Wireless Payload: Packet-Switched Data
Abstract
5G networks communicate via the Internet. The Internet communicates with the aid of a suite of software network protocols called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) or User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP). These protocols work together with an additional pair of protocols, namely the data link protocol and the physical layer protocol, the latter two being referred to collectively as the Network Access protocol. This chapter reviews TCP, UDP, IP, and the relevant Network Access protocols, and since voice- and video-generated data are some of the more commonly transported via the Internet to and from 5G networks, how this data is generated is also reviewed.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 3. Mathematical Tools for Digital Transmission Analysis
Abstract
The study of digital wireless transmission is in large measure the study of (a) the conversion in a transmitter of a binary digital signal (often referred to as a baseband signal) to a modulated RF signal, (b) the transmission of this modulated signal from the transmitter through the atmosphere, (c) the corruption of this signal by noise and other unwanted signals, (d) the reception of this corrupted signal by a receiver, and (e) the recovery in the receiver, as best as possible, of the original baseband signal. In order to analyze such transmission, it is necessary to be able to characterize mathematically the time, frequency, and probability domains, baseband signals, modulated RF signals, noise, and signals corrupted by noise. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly review the more prominent analytical tools used in such characterization, namely, spectral analysis and relevant statistical methods.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 4. The Mobile Wireless Path
Abstract
A mobile wireless system communicates between a base station and mobile units via the propagation of radio waves over a path. In an ideal world, the path would be free of obstruction, i.e., have a line of sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver and attenuate the transmitted signal by a fixed amount across the transmitted signal spectrum, resulting in a predictable and undistorted signal level at the receiver input. Such attenuation is referred to as free space loss. In the real mobile world, however, paths are rarely LOS. Rather, they are mainly non-line-of-sight (NLOS), and the intervening topography and atmospheric conditions normally result in a received signal that deviates significantly from ideal. Changes to the received signal over and above free space loss are referred to as fading. In this chapter, we examine propagation in an ideal environment and then study the various types of fading and how such fading impacts path reliability.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 5. Digital Modulation: The Basic Principles
Abstract
The fundamental modulation methods used in 5G are Pi/2 BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, and 1024-QAM. These are the methods, therefore, that we are going to study in this chapter, along with some issues involved in their realization. In these methods, baseband signals linearly modulate an RF carrier. Ideally, we would like to cut to the chase and study these methods immediately. This is not what we will do, however. First the fundamentals of baseband transmission techniques will be reviewed, as these form the foundation upon which the techniques involving the linear modulation of an RF carrier are based. This approach will allow us to tractably and with straightforward mathematical analysis determine the spectral and error performance characteristics of the modulation methods under study.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 6. Channel Coding and Link Adaptation
Abstract
Coding, in the binary communications world, is the process of adding a bit or bits to useful data bits in such a fashion as to facilitate the detection, correction, or errors incurred by such useful bits as a result of their transmission over a non-ideal channel. Such a channel, for example, may be one that adds noise, or interference, or unwanted nonlinearities. In this chapter, we focus on error detection and error correction coding as applied in 5G NR, including the very important low-density parity check (LDPC) codes, polar codes, and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ). Error detection on its own obviously does nothing to improve error rate performance. However, as we shall see, it can aid in error correction when combined with other techniques.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 7. Multi-carrier-Based Multiple-Access Techniques
Abstract
Multiple access, in a mobile environment, implies two-way communication between a base station and multiple surrounding mobile units. Multi-carrier implies communication via a plurality of radio-frequency carriers, normally referred to as subcarriers. In this chapter, we explore multi-carrier-based multiple-access techniques as applicable to 5G NR. First, we review orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM is a multi-carrier technique but not normally by itself a multiple-access one. Its basic structure does, however, lend itself to form the basis of multiple-access techniques. Two such techniques are employed by 5G NR, namely, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM). Having reviewed OFDM and some of its implementation issues, OFDMA and DFTS-OFDM are addressed. Next, three other multiple access schemes that were considered for application in 5G NR but ultimately not supported are introduced. Finally, we take a high-level view of nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA). NOMA can still apply OFDM principles, but in such a way as to have transmitted signals that are nonorthogonal to each other. The motivation to explore the use of NOMA is that it holds the promise of greater network capacity, that is, greater data throughput capability.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 8. Multiple Antenna Techniques
Abstract
Multiple antenna transmission is truly one of the key pillars supporting 5G aims of increased capacity and coverage. In this chapter, we will, at a high level, see how these techniques are applied in 5G NR. First, however, the basics of such techniques will be reviewed. Common to all such techniques is the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter, at the receiver, or both, together with intelligent signal processing and coding. These techniques can be broken down into the following three main categories:
  • Spatial diversity (SD) multiple antenna techniques: Diversity provides protection against deep fading by combining signals that are unlikely to suffer deep fading simultaneously.
  • Spatial multiplexing multiple-input, multiple-output (SM-MIMO) techniques: SM-MIMO permits, in general, the transmission of multiple data streams using the same time/frequency resource, thus improving spectral efficiency.
  • Beamforming multiple antenna techniques: At the transmit end, beamforming permits the focusing of transmitted power in a given direction, thus increasing antenna gain in that direction, and at the receive end, it permits the focusing of the antenna directivity and hence gain in a given direction.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 9. Physical Layer Processing Supporting Technologies
Abstract
In NR, the main downlink physical layer data carrying channel is called the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), and the main uplink physical layer data carrying channel is called the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). The overall data processing in these channels is largely similar. Most of the key technologies required in this processing have already been covered in prior chapters of this text. The purpose of this chapter is to cover those necessary technologies not yet covered, some simple but key to the processing chain, and to the expand discussion on selected ones previously covered. Thus, by the end of this chapter, we will have covered the key technologies necessary to comprehend in some detail 5G NR physical layer processing of the main data carrying channels which will be addressed in Chap. 10.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 10. 5G NR Overview and Physical Layer
Abstract
This text deals primarily with the physical layer. However, to better understand its operation, it is helpful to study its surrounding architecture and protocols. To this end, we first review in this chapter the main architecture options for connection to the core network, followed by the Radio Access Network (RAN) protocol architecture. The RAN is responsible for all radio-related functions, such as coding, modulation, HARQ operation, physical transmission, and scheduling. Following this, we narrow our study within the RAN to the physical layer as specified in 3GPP Release 15, the first 5G release. Here, emphasis is on how physical channels are structured, be they user data or control data conveying, as well as how physical signals are created, such signals being those originating solely in the physical layer. Procedures such as initial access, scheduling, and uplink power and timing control are introduced. How maximum user data rates and low latency are achieved is demonstrated, 5G operating frequency spectrum reviewed, and some typical base station and UE parameters presented. Next, we address certain key features and enhancements introduced in Release 16, Release 17, and Release 18 (5G-Advanced), as well as some planned for Release 19. Finally, relevant 3GPP specifications are listed.
Douglas H. Morais
Chapter 11. 5G-Based Fixed Wireless Access
Abstract
In Sect 1.​3, a brief history of fixed wireless access (FWA) was presented. FWA today implies a relatively high data rate (tens of Mb/s to several Gb/s), two-way wireless connection, between fixed user locations and a base station that is connected to a packet data handling core network. The high end of the data rates indicated above are afforded by the use of 5G technology and has resulted in FWA now being considered as a serious contender for broadband services to homes and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), being particularly well suited to situations where limited or no infrastructure exists to provide such services via coaxial cable or fiber. With 5G-enabled FWA, depending on spectrum availability, large chunks of radio spectrum can be utilized to provide consumers with high data rate, low-latency connections. In this chapter, the new FWA opportunity, FWA spectrum, market segmentation, deployment scenarios, remote unit structure, and typical link performance are discussed, reinforcing the key role of 5G technology in FWA viability.
Douglas H. Morais
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Key 5G/5G-Advanced Physical Layer Technologies
verfasst von
Douglas H. Morais
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-57426-9
Print ISBN
978-3-031-57425-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57426-9

Neuer Inhalt

    Bildnachweise