Skip to main content

2024 | Buch

An Introduction to Applied Probability

insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book provides the elements of probability and stochastic processes of direct interest to the applied sciences where probabilistic models play an important role, most notably in the information and communications sciences, computer sciences, operations research, and electrical engineering, but also in fields like epidemiology, biology, ecology, physics, and the earth sciences.
The theoretical tools are presented gradually, not deterring the readers with a wall of technicalities before they have the opportunity to understand their relevance in simple situations. In particular, the use of the so-called modern integration theory (the Lebesgue integral) is postponed until the fifth chapter, where it is reviewed in sufficient detail for a rigorous treatment of the topics of interest in the various domains of application listed above.
The treatment, while mathematical, maintains a balance between depth and accessibility that is suitable for theefficient manipulation, based on solid theoretical foundations, of the four most important and ubiquitous categories of probabilistic models:Markov chains, which are omnipresent and versatile models in applied probabilityPoisson processes (on the line and in space), occurring in a range of applications from ecology to queuing and mobile communications networksBrownian motion, which models fluctuations in the stock market and the "white noise" of physicsWide-sense stationary processes, of special importance in signal analysis and design, as well as in the earth sciences.This book can be used as a text in various ways and at different levels of study. Essentially, it provides the material for a two-semester graduate course on probability and stochastic processes in a department of applied mathematics or for students in departments where stochastic models play an essential role. The progressive introduction of concepts and tools, along with the inclusion of numerous examples, also makes this book well-adapted for self-study.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Basic Notions
Abstract
Probability theory aims at quantifying randomness. It concerns “experiments” (performed by man or Nature, or both) whose outcome is uncertain, and evaluates the probability of the resulting events.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 2. Discrete Random Variables
Abstract
The number of heads in a sequence of 10,000 coin tosses, the number of days it takes until the next rain and the size of a genealogical tree are random numbers. All are functions of the outcome of a random experiment performed either by man or nature taking discrete values, that is, values in a countable set. In the above examples, the values are numbers, but they can be of a different nature, for instance graphs.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 3. Continuous Random Vectors
Abstract
Having studied discrete random variables, that is, random variables taking their values in a finite or countable set, we now introduce random variables taking real (possibly infinite) values, and random vectors with a probability density (the socalled “continuous” random vectors).
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 4. The Lebesgue Integral
Abstract
The previous chapters concerned what one may call the basic “calculus of probability”, that is, the acquisition of the skills that suffice to deal with elementary stochastic models involving discrete random variables and absolutely continuous random vectors. This chapter will considerably increase the expertise of the reader at the expense of a reasonable amount of abstraction. It contains a short summary of the abstract Lebesgue integral that will then be interpreted in probabilistic terms in the next chapter.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 5. From Integral to Expectation
Abstract
Probability theory is from a formal point of view, a particular chapter of measure and integration theory. Since the terminologies of the two theories are different, we shall first proceed to the “translation” of the theory of measure and integration into the theory of probability and expectation.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 6. Convergence Almost Sure
Abstract
Order hidden in chaos: an erratic sequence of coin tosses exhibits a remarkable balance between heads and tails in the long run, at least “when the coin is fair and fairly tossed”. This phenomenon is captured by the strong law of large numbers. The relevant mathematical notion, which is the object of this chapter, is that of almost-sure convergence of a sequence of random variables.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 7. Convergence in Distribution
Abstract
The next fundamental notion of convergence after almost-sure convergence is convergence in distribution, and the main result there is the central limit theorem, the heart of statistics, which is the art of assessing probability models (is this coin fair?). Although these notions are linked in various ways, they are fundamentally different.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 8. Martingales
Abstract
A martingale is for the general public a clever way of gambling. In mathematics, it formalizes the notion of fair game and we shall see that martingale theory indeed has something to say about such games. However the interest and scope of martingale theory extends far beyond gambling and has become a fundamental tool of the theory of stochastic processes. The present chapter is an introduction to this topic, featuring the two main pillars on which it rests: the optional sampling theorem and the convergence theory of martingales.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 9. Markov Chains
Abstract
This graphical interpretation of a Markov chain in terms of a “random walk” on a set E is adapted to the study of random walks on graphs. Since the interpretation of a Markov chain in such terms is not always the natural one, we proceed to give a more formal definition.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 10. Poisson Processes
Abstract
Poisson processes are particular types of random point processes. A random point process on the line (resp. in space) is, roughly speaking, a countable random set of points of the real line (resp. in some space1).
In most applications to engineering and operations research, a point of a point process on the line is the time of occurrence of some event, and this is why points are also called events. For instance, the arrival times of customers at the desk of a post office or of jobs at the central processing unit of a computer are point process events. In biology the time of birth of an organism and in physiology the firing time of a neuron are events. In applications to ecology, a point of a spatial point process could be the location of a tree in a forest, or of a source of pollution. In a communications context, it may represent the position of a cellphone or of a relay antenna.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 11. Brownian Motion
Abstract
Brownian motion owes its name to the botanist Robert Brown who observed the chaotic motion of pollen grains in a liquid. From the mathematical point of view, it received attention from Albert Einstein and Louis Bachelier. The latter was motivated by his interest in finance, finding that the model could serve to describe the fluctuations of the stock market, and nowadays, its role in mathematical finance is well established. Brownian motion is also called the Wiener process, after Norbert Wiener, who introduced it in the theory of stochastic systems driven by white noise, a notion that we shall discuss in the next chapter.
Pierre Brémaud
Chapter 12. Wide-sense Stationary Processes
Abstract
This chapter concerns a topic of interest in many fields of application, most notably signal processing and communications theory, as well as econometrics and the earth sciences. The main notion here is that of power spectrum (power spectral measure).
Pierre Brémaud
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
An Introduction to Applied Probability
verfasst von
Pierre Brémaud
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-49306-5
Print ISBN
978-3-031-49305-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49306-5